Makalah Bahasa Inggris 2#

BAHASA INGGRIS 2#

Dosen: Ricky Perdana

RATNA OKTAVIANI

14217984

1EA12

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

2018

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kita panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, berkat Rahmat-Nya sehingga kami dapat membuat makalah yang berjudul “Bahasa Inggris 2#: Ringkasan Materi Pembelajaran” untuk memenuhi tugas Mata Kuliah: Bahasa Inggris 2#. Semoga makalah ini dapat bermanfaat dan kami pula menyadari akan adanya kesalahan dalam penulisan makalah ini, maka dari itu kami membutuhkan saran dan kritik agar dapat menyempurnakan makalah ini. Terimakasih kepada semua pihak yang telah banyak membantu dalam penulisan makalah ini sehingga tersusunlah makalah ini dari awal sampai akhir.

BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

 1.      Penggunaan Some, Any, Much, Many, A lot of, dan A few

a.      Some dan Any

The general rule is that any is used for questions and negatives while some is used for positive. Some may also be used for questions, typically offers and requests, if we think the answer will be positive.
i. Some ex:  - I have some friends to be visited next week.

-  She borrowed some books at library.

ii. Any ex:  - Do you have any ideas to solve this problem?

-    Sorry, I don’t have any ideas how to solve that problem

b.      Much, Many, dan A lot of

These work in the same way as some and any. Much may only be used with uncountable nouns while many is used with countable.

i.        Much ex:  - We need much money to do this project

-    Do you need much sugar on your coffee?

ii.      Many ex:  - How many people in this classroom?

-    Many people asked me how to do that course.

iii.    A lot of ex:  - I have a lot of foods for you.

-    How much money do you have? I have a lot of money.

c.       A few

The determiner a few means essentially the same thing as a little, except it can only be used with countable nouns. So whenever you’re dealing with nouns that have plural form, make sure to use a few.

Ex:  - I met a few friends in that reunion.

-    I have a few pairs of shoes.

2.      Penggunaan A, An, dan The

Kata ‘a’, ‘an’, dan ‘the’ adalah jenis kata artikel yang terbagi menjadi dua kategori, yaitu:

1.      Definite Article

·         The digunakan pada hal yang spesifik (telah jelas ataupun telah diterangkan sebelumnya) meliputi: person (orang), thing (benda), maupun idea (pemikiran).

·         Kata ini digunakan sebelum countable noun (kata benda dapat dihitung)

maupun uncountable noun (kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung).

Contoh kalimat: - I found the glasses you were looking for.

-    Please open the door!

2.      Indefinite Articles

A atau an digunakan pada indefinite articles.

·         Kata sandang ini digunakan pada hal yang tidak spesifik atau belum pernah diterangkan sebelumnya, meliputi: person (orang), thing (benda), maupun idea (pemikiran).

·         Kata ini hanya digunakan sebelum singular countable noun (kata benda dapat dihitung tunggal).

Contoh kalimat: - I had an omelette for breakfast today.

-    Do you have a pen?

3.      Active dan Passive dalam bentuk Present

Active voice adalah kalimat yang subjeknya berbuat sesuatu atau melakukan suatu pekerjaan. Sedangkan, passive voice adalah kata atau frasa kata benda yang akan menjadi objek dari kalimat aktif, muncul sebagai subjek kalimat dengan suara pasif.

1.      Simple Present Tense

 

 RUMUS

(+) Active: S + V₁ + s/es                     (-) Active: S + does/do + not + V₁

          Passive:  S + am/is/are + V₃                  Passive: S + am/is/are + not +V₃

          (?) Active: Does/do + S + V₁ + ?

         Passive: Am/is/are + S + V₃ + ?

 EX:

(+) Active: She writes a story.

Passive: A story is written by her.

(-)  Active: I do not follow you

Passive: You are not followed by me.

(?) Active: Do the student answer all the test questions?

Passive: Are the test questions answered by the student?

           2.      Present Continuous Tense

 

 RUMUS

      (+) Active: S + am/is/are + V-ing                  (-) Active: S + am/is/are + not + V-ing

      Passive: S + am/is/are + being + V₃              Passive: S + am/is/are + not + being + V₃

      (?) Active: am/is/are + S + V-ing + ?

           Passive: am/is/are + S + being + V₃ + ?

 EX:

 (+) Active: She is singing a song.

       Passive: A song is being sung by her.

  (-) Active: She is not writing a story.

       Passive: A story is not being written by her.

  (?) Active: Who is waiting for you?

       Passive: by whom are you being waited for?

         3. Present Perfect Tense

       RUMUS

       (+) Active: S + has/have + V₃                        (-) Active: S + has/have + not + V₃

       Passive: S + has/have + been + V₃               Passive: S +has/have + not + been + V₃

       (?) Active: Has/have + S + V₃ + ?

      Passive: Has/have + S + been + V₃ + ? 

EX: 

(+) Active: Online shopping has saved lot of time.

Passive: Lot of time has been saved by online shopping.

(-)  Active: She has not written a story.

 Passive: A story has not been written by her.

(?) Active: Have you seen the Indonesia Idol?

Passive: Has the Indonesia Idol been seen by you.

4.      Active dan Passive dalam bentuk Past

Active voice adalah kalimat yang subjeknya berbuat sesuatu atau melakukan suatu pekerjaan. Sedangkan, passive voice adalah kata atau frasa kata benda yang akan menjadi objek dari kalimat aktif, muncul sebagai subjek kalimat dengan suara pasif.

      1.      Simple Past Tense

     RUMUS

     (+) Active: S + V₂                               (-) Active: S + did + not + V₁

     Passive: S + was/were + V₃              Passive: S + was/were + not + V₃

      (?) Active: Did + S + V₁ + ?

           Passive: Was/were + S + V₃ + ?

      EX:

(+) Active: She wrote a story.

      Passive: A story was written by her.

(-) Active: She did not write a story.

     Passive: A story was not written by her.

(?) Active: Did she write a story?

     Passive: Was a story written by her?

              2.      Past Continuous Tense

 

 RUMUS

       (+) Active: S + was/were + V-ing                    (-) Active: S + was/were + not + V-ing

        Passive: S + was/were + being + V₃                 Passive: S + was/were + not + being + V₃

       (?) Active: Was/were + S + V-ing + ?

      Passive: Was/were + S + being + V₃

     EX:

(+) Active: She was writing a story.

Passive: a story was being written by her.

(-) Active: She was not writing a story.

           Passive: A story was not being written by her.

(?) Active: Was she writing a story?

           Passive: Was a story being written by her?

            3.      Past Perfect Tense

	RUMUS (+) Active: S + had + V3                     (-) Active: S + had + not + V3       Passive: S + had + been + V3           Passive: S + had + not + been + V3 (?) Active: Had + S + V3 + ?       Passive: Had + S + been + V3 + ?

 

      EX:

(+) Active: She had written a story.

      Passive: A story had been written by her.

(-) Active: She had not written a story.

     Passive: A story had not been written by her.

(?) Active: Had she written a story?

     Passive: Had a story been written by her?

5.      Indefinite pronouns and reflexive pronouns

Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific person, place, or thing. In English, there is a particular group of indefinite pronouns formed with a quantifier or distributive preceeded by any, some, every and no.

	Person	Place
All	everyone everybody	everywhere	everything
Part (positive)	someone somebody	somewhere	something
Part (negative)	anyone anybody	anywhere	anything
None	no one nobody	nowhere	nothing

Indefinite pronouns with some and any are used to describe indefinite and incomplete quantities in the same way that some and any are used alone.

Indefinite pronouns are placed in the same location as a noun would go in the sentence.

Noun	Indefinite pronoun
I would like to go to Paris this summer.	I would like to go somewhere this summer.
Jim gave me this book.	Someone gave me this book.
I won't tell your secret to Sam.	I won't tell your secret to anyone.
I bought my school supplies at the mall.	I bought everything at the mall.

positive sentences

In affirmative sentences, indefinite pronouns using some are used to describe an indefinite quantity, the indefinite pronouns with every are used to describe a complete quantity, and the pronouns with no are used to describe an absence. Indefinite pronouns with no are often used in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning, but these are nevertheless not negative sentences because they are lacking the word not.

EXAMPLES

• Someone is sleeping in my bed.
• No one is sleeping in my bed.
• He saw something in the garden.
• There is nothing to eat.
• Keith is looking for somewhere to live.
• There is nowhere as beautiful as Paris.

Any and the indefinite pronouns formed with it can also be used in affirmative sentences with a meaning that is close to every: whichever person, whichever place, whichever thing, etc.

EXAMPLES

• They can choose anything from the menu.
• You may invite anybody you want to your birthday party.
• We can go anywhere you'd like this summer.
• He would give anything to get into Oxford.
• Fido would follow you anywhere.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Negative sentences can only be formed with the indefinite pronouns that include any.

EXAMPLES

• I don't have anything to eat.
• She didn't go anywhere last week.
• I can't find anyone to come with me.

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

Indefinite pronouns with every, some, and any can be used to form negative questions. These questions can usually be answered with a "yes" or a "no"

Pronouns formed with any and every are used to form true questions, while those with some generally imply a question to which we already know or suspect the answer.

EXAMPLES                                

• Is there anything to eat?
• Did you go anywhere last night?
• Is everyone here?
• Have you looked everywhere?

These questions can be turned in to false or rhetorical questions by making them negative. The speaker, when posing a question of this type, is expecting an answer of "no".

EXAMPLES          

• Isn't there anything to eat?
• Didn't you go anywhere last night?
• Isn't everyone here?
• Haven't you looked everywhere?

Some and pronouns formed with it is only used in questions to which we think we already know the answer, or questions which are not true questions (invitations, requests, etc.) The person asking these questions is expecting an answer of "Yes".

EXAMPLES

• Are you looking for someone?
• Have you lost something?
• Are you going somewhere?
• Could somebody help me, please? = request
• Would you like to go somewhere this weekend? = invitation

These questions can be made even more definite if they are made negative. In this case, the speaker is absolutely certain he will receive the answer "Yes".

EXAMPLES

• Aren't you looking for someone?
• Haven't you lost something?
• Aren't you going somewhere?
• Couldn't somebody help me, please?
• Wouldn't you like to go somewhere this weekend?

“REFLEXIVE PRONOUN”

Reflexive pronouns are words ending in -self or -selves that are used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same (e.g., I believe in myself). They can act as either objects or indirect objects. The nine English reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, himself, herself, oneself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.

EXAMPLE

(+)

Aji injured himself while playing football.

She went to school by herself.

Joko is reading a book by himself.

(?)

Why can’t you do your homework by yourself?

6.      HAVE SOMETHING DONE

Have something done is used to show that something is done for us, we do not do it ourselves.

FORMULA : subject + have + object + past participle verb

EXAMPLE :

· I have my car serviced every two months
· We had the house redecorated in next summer.
· I am going to have my hair cut.

“CAUSATIVE HAVE”

We use the causative in English to say that we have arranged for someone to do something for us.

FORMULA :

Active sentences -> S + have/had + Agent + verb 1 + object

Passive sentences ->  S + have/had + object + Verb 3

EXAMPLE :

•I had my brother take that glass (active)

•Mr. Setia had Lillie check the paper (active)

•I had my jacket cleaned yesterday (passive)

•I had my computer fixed (passive)

7.      DETERMINERS

Determiners are words placed in front of a noun to make it clear what the noun refers to.

EXAMPLE:

1. Possessives : your, her, my, his, their, our, its, my parents', whose, dll.

- My shirt is in the room

- My parents’ is at my grandfather’s house

2. Quantifier: A few, much, many, a little, some, any, every, each, dll.

- Every student needs study hard

3. Artikel (a, an, dan the)

- Eating an apple every day is good for our health

- The good news is a history book still available at the library

4. Ordinal number/bilangan bertingkat: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, dll.

- My first sister will go to Hongkong next week

- I will go to the fifth floor

5. Demonstrative (this, that, these, those, etc)

- This desk used by my manager

- Those oranges belong to Jack’s mother

6. Number/angka: one, two, three, dll.

- Five balls had bought last night by mother

8. Question Tag

Question-tags adalah pertanyaan ekor yang dibubuhkan pada akhir suatu kalimat. Fungsinya adalah untuk menegaskan informasi yang diucapkan atau untuk mendapatkan persetujuan.

Dalam question-tags, diperlukan auxiliary atau kata kerja bantu. Jenis auxiliary antara lain:

1. Be auxiliary

is, am, atau are (untuk bentuk present tense/sekarang)

was atau were (untuk bentuk past tense/lampau)

2. Do auxiliary

do dan does (untuk bentuk present tense/sekarang)

did (untuk bentuk past tense/lampau)

3. Have auxiliary

have dan has (untuk bentuk present perfect tense)

had (untuk bentuk past perfect tense)

4. Modal auxiliary: can, may, must, should, could, might

Shall dan Will untuk bentuk future tense

A. Bentuk Question Tag

1. Negatif Question Tag

Auxiliary+n’t   +   pronoun?

(pronoun merupakan kata ganti dari subyek pada kalimat positif)

Contoh:

~       isn’t it?  ~      aren’t you? ~       aren’t they? ~       wasn’t she? ~       weren’t you?

~        don’t you?  ~        doesn’t he? ~        don’t they? ~        didn’t you? ~       didn’t they?

~       hasn’t she?  ~      haven’t you? ~       hadn’t he? ~       can’t you? ~       shouldn’t I?

2. Positif Question Tag

Auxiliary   +   pronoun?

(pronoun merupakan kata ganti dari subyek pada kalimat positif)

Contoh:

~       is it?  ~       are you? ~       are they? ~       was she? ~       were you?

~        do you?  ~        does he? ~        do they? ~        did you? ~        did they?

~       has she?  ~       have you? ~       had he? ~       can you? ~       should I?

B. RUMUS

1. Kalimat Positif  , negative Question tag?

Contoh:

·         Heni is a dancer, isn’t she ?

Perkecualian: I am smart, aren’t I?

You like milk, don’t you?

·             Andien went to Bali, didn’t she?

·            They will go to Bandung, won’t they?

·            Agnes comes from Italy, doesn’t she?

·             This is your house, isn’t it?

·             Those are your cars, aren’t they?

·             There is a party tonight, isn’t there?

·             Everything is okay, isn’t it?

·             Everyone did homework, didn’t they?

2. Kalimat Negatif ,  positif Question tag?

Contoh:

·              Raymond isn’t an artist, is he?

·              You aren’t a student, are you?

·              They weren’t at home, were they?

·              You don’t like gardening, do you?

·              Ganis didn’t go to Africa, did she?

·              You won’t leave me, will you?

·              Karina doesn’t love Mandra, does she?

·              I am not stupid, am I?

·              That isn’t your car, is it?

·              These aren’t her books, are they?

·              Nothing is wrong, is it?

·              Nobody wanted to move, did they?

C. Catatan

1.  Mengenai Subject

Subyek  QT berasal dari subyek kalimat di depannya.

Subyek QT (Question-Tags) harus dalam bentuk pronoun, yaitu:

I, You, We, They,   He, She, It.

Tag pronoun untuk this/that = it

Tag pronoun untuk these/those = they

Tag pronoun untuk subyek Everyone, Everybody, Someone, Somebody, No one, dan Nobodyadalah They.

Tag pronoun untuk Everything, Something, and Nothing adalah It.

Kalimat dengan there + be, maka there digunakan dalam tag.

Jika kalimat menggunakan “I am ….. “(kalimat positif), maka tag-nya harus aren’t I.

2. Bentuk Auxiliary

Auxiliary pada QT harus sesuai dengan auxiliary pada kalimat di depannya.

Auxiliary+not harus disingkat:

Is not  Are not Was not Were not Does not Do not Did not Has not Have not

Isn’t  Aren’t Wasn’t Weren’t Doesn’t Don’t Didn’t Hasn’t Haven’t

Had not  Cannot May not Must not Should not Could not Might not Shall not Will not

Hadn’t  Can’t May not Mustn’t Shouldn’t Couldn’t Mightn’t Shan’t Won’t

Nothing, nobody, no one, never adalah kata-kata yang bermakna negative, maka tag-nya harus berbentuk positif.

3. Bentuk Tag yang lain

         I.            Kalimat perintah

Contoh:

“Open the door, will/would/can/could you?”

“Take your book, will/would/can/could you?”

“Pass me the spoon, will/would/can/could you?”

      II.            Kalimat ajakan

Contoh:

“Let’s go, shall we?”

“Let’s get to work, shall we?”

“Let’s discuss it, shall we?”

   III.            Kalimat tawaran

Contoh:

“Have a seat, won’t you?

“Have a drink, won’t you?

9. Conditional Sentence Type 3

            Conditional sentence type 3 merupakan kalimat pengandaian yang digunakan untuk mengekpresikan angan-angan yang diharapkan akan terjadi pada masa lampau, namun semua itu tidak terjadi dan tidak mungkin terjadi karena waktunya sudah berlalu. Ini hampir sama dengan conditional type 2. Bedanya, jika type 2 tidak terjadi karena suatu hal 'tidak' dilakukan, maka type 3 karena 'belum' dilakukan. Jika type 2 menggunakan simple past tense dan past future tense, 
maka type 3 menggunakan past perfect tense dan past future perfect tense. 

Misal, pada Jumat lalu kita berencana ingin memperbaiki computer kita, namun pd waktu itu kita 'belum' cukup uang, maka conditional type inilah yang digunakan.

• I would have repaired my computer on Friday if I had had enough money (Aku bakal sudah memperbaiki laptopku Jumat lalu seandainya aku sudah punya cukup uang
• Faktanya: I didn't have enough money, so I didn't repair on Friday (Aku tidak punya cukup uang jd tak memperbaiki pd hari Jumat)

Rumus 1, independent clause di depan:

• past future perfect tense. + if + past perfect tense

Rumus 2, independent clause di belakang, ini hanya membalik posisi saja:

• if + past perfect tense + coma (,) + past future perfect tense.
  Untuk rumus fakta menggunakan simple past tense dimana jika kalimat conditionalnya berbentuk positive maka faktanya berbentuk negative dan begitu juga sebaliknya. Namun aturan itu tidak harus. Kita bisa membuatnya tetap dalam struktur positive yaitu dgn menggunakan lawan kata / antonym dari kata yang diconditionalkan tersebut. Contoh nanti bisa dilihat di paling bawah.
  
  

Contoh Kalimat Conditional Sentence Type 3

1. Suneo would have gone with Giant if he had waken up (Suneo bakal sudah pergi dgn Giant seandainya dia sudah bangun)
Faktanya: he didn't wake up, so he didn't go with Giant (dia tdk bangun, jadi dia tdk pergi dgn Giant)

2. I would have watched the movie if I'd bought a TV (aku bakal sudah menonton film itu seandainya sudah membeli TV)
Faktanya: I didn't buy a TV, so I didn't watch the movie (aku tak membeli TV, jadi aku tak nonton film itu)

3. She wouldn't have come if I hadn't called her (dia belum bakal datang kalau aku belum menelfonnya)
Faktanya: I called her, so she came (aku menelfonnya, jadi dia datang)

4. Would you have sent the file to me if I hadn't asked you? (apakah kamu bakal sudah mengirim file itu ke aku seandainya aku belum memintamu?)
Faktanya: I asked you, so you sent the file to me (aku memintamu, jadi kamu mengirimkan file itu ke aku)

5. I would have brought that bicycle if I'd paid for it (aku bakal sudah membawa sepeda itu seandainya aku sudah membayarnya)
Faktanya: I didn't pay that bicycle, so I didn't bring it (aku tdk membayar sepeda itu, jadi aku tak membawanya)

6. Sopo wouldn't have met Haji Udin if Jarwo hadn't forced him (Sopo belum bakal menemui Haji Udin jika Jarwo belum memaksanya)
Faktanya: Jarwo forced Sopo, so he met Haji Udin (Sopo memaksa Jarwo, jadi dia menemui Haji Udin)

7. Their relationship wouldn't have been declared by Ahmad if Mayang hadn't allowed (hubungan mereka belum bakal Ahmad umumkan jika Mayang belum mengizinkan)
Faktanya: Mayang allowed, so it was declared by Ahmad (Mayang mengizinkan, jadi itu diumumkan Ahmad)

8. They might have taken your peanuts if you hadn't put it into your bag (mereka mungkin sudah mengambil kacangmu seandainya kamu belum memasukannya ke dalam tasmu)
Faktanya: you put your peanuts, so they didn't take it (kamu memasukkan kacangmu, jadi mereka tak mengambilnya)

9. Mamat would have felled your mango tree if you hadn't come (Mamat bakal sudah menebang pohon manggamu seandainya kamu belum datang)
Faktanya: you came so he didn't fell your mango tree (kamu datang, jadi dia tak menebang pohon manggamu)
10. The supporters would have broken my car up if I hadn't taken it away from that place (para suporter bakal sudah merusak mobilku seandainya aku belum membawanya pergi dari tempat itu)
Faktanya: I took my car away, so they didn't break it (aku membawa mobilku pergi, jadi mereka tak merusaknya)

11. If you'd slept, I would have left you (seandainya kamu sudah tidur, aku bakal sudah meninggalkanmu)
Faktanya: you didn't sleep, so I didn't leave you (kamu tak tidur, jadi aku tak meninggalkanmu)

12. If she'd married, she might have had a baby (seandainya dia sudah menikah, mungkin dia sudah punya seorang bayi)
Faktanya: she didn't marry, so she didn't have a baby (dia tak menikah, jadi dia tak punya bayi)

13. If you'd been able to drive, would you have driven my car? (seandainya kamu sudah bisa menyetir, akankah kamu sudah menyetir mobilku?)
Faktanya: you weren't able to drive, so you didn't drive my car (kamu tak bisa menyetir, jadi kamu tak menyetir mobilku)

14. If her proposal had been approved by her advisor, she would have been cheerful (seandainya proposalnya sudah disetujui dosen pembimbingnya, dia bakal sudah riang gembira)
Faktanya: her proposal wasn't approved, so she wasn't cheerful (proposalnya tak disetujui, jadi dia tak riang gembira)

15. If you'd been at there, I would have given that book for you (seandainya kamu sudah di sana, aku bakal sudah memberikan buku itu untukmu)
Faktanya: you weren't at there, so I didn't give that book (kamu tak di sana, jadi aku tak memberikan buku itu)

11. DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH (PRESENT)

PENGERTIAN

a) Direct Speech

Direct Speech merupakan kalimat langsung yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh sang pembicara dimana di dalam tulisannya Direct Speech menggunakan tanda petik dua (apostrophe) di awal dan di akhir kalimatnya sebagaimana di dalam teks percakapan. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:

Rita says to me: “You are the best friend that I have ever had in my life!”
Rita berkata kepada saya: “Kamu adalah teman terbaik yang pernah saya miliki di hidup saya!”

b) Indirect Speech

Indirect Speech merupakan kalimat tidak langsung yang diutarakan atau diucapkan baik oleh orang lain atau pun oleh dirinya sendiri dan bentuknya tidak sama dengan kalimat langsung. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:

Rita says to me that I am the best friend that she had ever had in her life.
Rita berkata kepada saya bahwa saya adalah teman terbaik yang pernah dia miliki di hidupnya.

Kalimat Direct dan Indirect masing – masing memiliki induk kalimat dan anak kalimat. Induk kalimat disebut dengan introduce phrase dan berwarna ungu pada contoh di atas. Sedangkan anak kalimat disebut dengan reported words dan berwarna merah pada contoh di atas.

Aturan dalam Penulisan Direct dan Indirect Speech

Perubahan kalimat langsung (direct speech) ke dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech) dalam penulisannya terdapat beberapa aturan sebagai berikut:

1.  Tenses

Hal pertama yang berubah dari Direct Speech menjadi Indirect Speech yaitu tenses seperti tabel di bawah ini:

No.	Direct	Indirect
1.	Simple Present	Simple Past
2.	Present Continous	Past Continous
3.	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
4.	Present Perfect Continous	Past Perfect Continous
5.	Simple Past	Past Perfect
6.	Past Continous	Past Continous
7.	Past Perfect	Past Perfect
8.	Past Perfect Continous	Past Perfect Continous
9.	Simple Future	Past Future
10.	Future Continous	Past Future Continous
11.	Future Perfect	Past Future Perfect
12.	Future Perfect Continous	Past Future Perfect Continous

2.  Time and Place

No.	Direct	Indirect
1.	Yesterday	The day before
2.	Now	Then
3.	Tonight	That night
4.	Today	That day
5.	Tomorrow	The day after / the following day
6.	Next week	A week after / the following week
7.	Here	There
8.	This	That
9.	These	Those

Selain tenses, keterangan waktu dan tempat juga ikut berubah dalam kalimat Direct menjadi kalimat Indirect. Perhatikan tabel di bawah ini:

Note:

Kita boleh menggunakan Present Tense atau Past Tense jika kebenarannya masih terjadi hingga saat ini. Contoh:

“My name is Aiden,” he said. Maka bentuk Indirect nya yaitu: He said his name was Aiden, atau He said his name is Aiden.

3. Bentuk Kalimat

Selain hal – hal yang disebutkan di atas, bentuk kalimat juga mempengaruhi perubahan kalimat Direct ke kalimat Indirect.

1).  Statement (Kalimat pernyataan)

Dalam kalimat langsung (direct speech), kata yang dipakai dalam induk kalimat (introduce phrase) tidak hanya said dan told saja, akan tetapi dapat menggunakan kata – kata seperti suggested, admitted, advised, begged, ordered, promised, replied, agreed, dan lain – lain. Sedangkan dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech), perlu ditambahkan kata “that” untuk menghubungkan induk kalimat (introduce phrase) dengan anak kalimat (reported words).

Contoh:

ü  Direct Speech

Anna suggested Rio: “I think you have to come to your girlfriend and apologize for what you did to her.”
(Anna menyarankan kepada Rio: “Saya pikir kamu harus datang kepada pacarmu dan meminta maaf atas apa yang telah kamu lakukan kepadanya)

ü  Indirect Speech

Anna suggested Rio that she thought he had to come to his girlfriend and apologized for what he had done to her.
(Anna menyarankan kepada Rio bahwa dia pikir Rio harus datang kepada pacarnya dan meminta maaf atas apa yang telah dia lakukan kepadanya)

2).  Command (Kalimat perintah)

Command disini dapat berarti dua hal, yaitu menyuruh dan melarang. Menyuruh dapat berarti melakukan (bersifat positif), sedangkan melarang dapat berarti tidak melakukan (bersifat negatif).

a).  Positif (Menyuruh)

Dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech), ditambahkan kata “to” untuk menghubungkan induk kalimat dengan anak kalimat.

Contoh:

ü  Direct Speech
The girl asked me: “Open the window!”
(Seorang gadis menyuruhku: “Buka jendelanya!”)

ü  Indirect Speech
The girl asked me to open the window.
(Seorang gadis menyuruhku untuk membuka jendelanya)

b). Negatif (Melarang)

Dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech), ditambahkan kata “not to” untuk menghubungkan induk kalimat dengan anak kalimat.

Contoh:

ü  Direct Speech
Nita told Indah: “Don’t play outside alone!”
(Nita memberitahu Indah: “Jangan bermain di luar sendirian!”)

ü  Indirect Speech
Nita told Indah not to play outside alone.
(Nita memberitahu Indah untuk tidak bermain di luar sendirian)

3) Question (Kalimat tanya)

Question disini terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu:

a).   Jika pertanyaan menggunakan kata tanya berupa 5W +1 H (what, where, when, who, why, how), maka kata tanya tersebut menjadi penghubung antara induk kalimat (introduce phrase) dan anak kalimat (reported words).

Contoh:

ü  Direct Speech
He asked me: “When will we go to your house?”
(Dia bertanya kepadaku: “Kapan kita akan pergi ke rumahmu?”)

ü  Indirect Speech
He asked me when we would go to my house.
(Dia bertanya kepadaku kapan kami akan pergi ke rumahku)

b).   Jika pertanyaan yang jawabannya berupa yes/no, maka ditambahkan “if” untuk menghubungkan induk kalimat (introduce phrase) dan anak kalimat (reported words).

Contoh:

ü  Direct Speech
The teacher asked Doni: “Have you done the assignment?”
(Guru bertanya kepada Doni: “Apakah kamu telah menyelesaikan tugas?”)

ü  Indirect Speech
The teacher asked Doni if he had done the assignment.
(Guru bertanya kepada Doni jika dia telah menyelesaikan tugasnya)

12-14.  Pengertian Direct Indirect Speech
Direct speech adalah suatu kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara yang dalam penulisannya disertai dengan tanda aphostrof di awal dan akhir kalimatnya sebagaimana teks dialog atau percakapan. Contoh:
Andi bilang kepada saya: “kamu adalah orang yang sangat aku cintai”
Andi says to me: “you are the one I love very much”
Sedangkan Indirect speech adalah suatu kalimat yang menggambarkan perkataan orang lain atau dirinya sendiri secara tidak langsung (tidak persis seperti yang dikatakan pada saat diucapkan). Seperti jika kita merubah contoh kalimat di atas maka indirect speechnya menjadi:
Andi bilang kepada saya bahwa saya adalah orang yang sangat ia cintai.
Andi says to me that I am the one he love so much

Baik kalimat direct maupun indirect speech terdiri dari dua unsur yakni induk kalimat dan anak kalimat. Induk kalimat (introduce phrase) adalah seperti yang berwarna merah, sedangkan anak kalimat (reported words) adalah yang berwarna biru.

B. Aturan Perubahan Direct Indirect Speech

Siswa sering kali dibingungkan dengan perubahan kalimat dari direct speech ke indirect speech dalam hal perubahan tenses, subjek objek serta tempat dan waktu. Berikut aturan perubahannya:

1. Tenses.

Perubahan tenses di bawah ini terjadi jika Induk kalimatnya berupa bentuk Past tense, sedang jika induk kalimatnya dalam bentuk present tense seperti contoh di atas, maka tidak ada perubahan.

2. Keterangan waktu dan tempat

Direct: now

Indirect: then

Direct: tomorrow

Indirect: the following day

Direct: yesterday

Indirect: the day before

Direct: next week’

Indirect: the following week

3. Berdasar bentuk Kalimat

Bentuk dasar kalimat juga berpengaruh pada perubahan kalimat dari direct ke indirect speech. Bentuk dasar kalimat yang dimaksud adalah:

1. Statement (pernyataan)
   Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata “that” (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar/induk kalimat (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan/anak kalimat (reported words). Kata yang biasa digunakan bukan hanya told dan said saja, melainkan bisa juga menggunakan: accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested, dkk. Contoh:
• He suggested: you should come to the party.
  He suggested I should come to the party.
• Andi told me: “I invite you to come to my party tonight”
  Andi told me that he invited me to come to his party that night
• My sister said to me: “Papa warned me last night”
  My sister said to me that papa had warned her the night before.
2. Command (perintah)
   Perintah berarti menyuruh untuk melakukan atau tidak melakukan (melarang) dengan kata jangan (don’t). Menyuruh untuk melakukan berarti bersifat positif, sedangkan melarang bersifat negatif (menggunakan don’t).

a.       Positif
Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara induk kalimat dan anak kalimat yang berupa kalimat perintah.
Contoh:

§  He asked me: “Open your book”
He asked me to open my book.

§  Garet aksed me: “stop talking to Janet”.
Gareth asked me to stop talking to Janet.

b.      Negatif
Dalam  perintah negatif kita tambahkan not  to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.
Contoh:

§  Mary told John: “Don’t wait for me’
Mary told John not to wait for her.

§  Father said to my sister: “don’t go alone in the middle of the night.
Father asked to my sister not to go alone in the middle of the night.

                        Question (pertanyaan)
Kalimat pertanyaan dibagi menjadi dua kategori:

 .        Pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya (what, where, when, who, why, how), maka kata tanya tersebulah yang menjadi penghubung antara induk dan induk kalimat.
Contoh:

§  He asked me : “How will you go there ?”
He asked me how I would go there

a.       Pertanyaan yang tidak menggunakan kata tanya dan jawabannya berupa yes atau no.
Contoh:

§  The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”
The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

Catatan:

• Kita boleh menggunakan present tense atau past tense jika kebenarannya masih terjadi hingga saat ini. Contoh:
  “My name is Lynne”, she said. Indirectnya boleh: She said her name was Lynne. Boleh juga: She said her name is Lynne.

Indirect Speech for Future Simple Tense:

Pengertian Future Continuous Tense

Future continuous tense atau future progressive tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan aksi yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa depan. Aksi tersebut telah dimulai tapi belum selesai pada saat itu.

Rumus Future Continuous Tense

Future continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb will dan be, dan present participle. Secara umum future continuous tense hanya terjadi pada aksi berupa dynamic verb, tidak stative verb karena umumnya hanya dynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous

Imperative adalah kalimat perintah yang bertujun untuk memerintahkan/ meminta seseorang melakukan sesuatu yang kita kehendaki. Dalam imperative kita tidak dianjurkan memakai subjek diawal kalimat, karena kalimat ini bersifat langsung kepada subjek namun tidak disebutkan subjeknya. Contohnya Ambilkan payung saya!. Tanda baca yang selalu digunakan dalam imperative adalah tanda baca seru (!) dan terdapat kata “please” yang biasanya diletakan diawal atau diakhir kalimat. Hal itu bertujuan mempertegas kalimat agar yang diperintah langsung melakukan perintah.

Imperative mempunyai 2 (dua) pola dan berikut ini penjelasannya

1. imperative yang menggunakan kata kerja pertama (verb 1), disini kita hanya menggunkan kata kerja verb 1 (infinitive)

Verb 1 + Object

perhatikan contoh kalimatnya dibawah ini:

• Direct Speech : Miftah said, “cut the paper into two side and fold like me!”
  Indirect Speech : Miftah said to cut the paper into two side and fold like him

• Direct Speech : Mr. Fairiz said me, “ Take me a cup of tea, now!”
  Indirect Speech : Mr. Fairiz said me to Take him a cup of tea, then

• Direct Speech : The teacher told us, “Do the task on the page 67 in this hand book!”
  Indirect Speech : The teacher told us to Do the task on the page 67 in that hand book

• Direct Speech :My father said ,” Dig the hole deeper, I will plant the flowers!”
  Indirect Speech  : My father said to Dig the hole deeper, he would plant the flowers

2. imperative yang menggunakan kata kerja bantu berupa “TO BE” disini kita hanya menggunkan “BE”

Be + Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb

perhatikan contoh kalimatnya dibawah ini:

• Direct Speech: My mother said me, “Be my good daughter when I leave you alone at home!”
  Indirect Speech: My mother said me to Be her good daughter when she left me alone at home!”

• Direct Speech: I said her, “be silent!”
  Indirect Speech           : I said her to be silent

• Direct Speech: You said me, “Be near of me!”
  Indirect Speech : You said me to Be near of you

• Direct Speech: I told him “Be yourself!”
  Indirect Speech : I told him to Be himself

• Direct Speech: Ratna said, “be quicker!”
  Indirect Speech : Ratna said to be quicker